Energies, Vol. 18, Pages 5135: Energy Optimization of Motor-Driven Systems Using Variable Frequency Control, Soft Starters, and Machine Learning Forecasting

Energies, Vol. 18, Pages 5135: Energy Optimization of Motor-Driven Systems Using Variable Frequency Control, Soft Starters, and Machine Learning Forecasting

Energies doi: 10.3390/en18195135

Authors:
Hashnayne Ahmed
Cristián Cárdenas-Lailhacar
S. A. Sherif

This paper presents a unified modeling framework for quantifying power and energy consumption in motor-driven systems operating under variable frequency control and soft starter conditions. By formulating normalized expressions for voltage, current, and power factor as functions of motor speed, the model enables accurate estimation of instantaneous and cumulative energy use using only measurable electrical quantities. The effect of soft starter operation during startup is incorporated through ramp-based profiles, while variable frequency control is modeled through dynamic speed modulation. Analytical results show that variable speed control can achieve energy savings of up to 36.1% for sinusoidal speed profiles and up to 42.9% when combined with soft starter operation, with the soft starter alone contributing a consistent 8.6% reduction independent of the power factor. To support energy optimization under uncertain demand scenarios, a two-stage stochastic optimization framework is developed for motor sizing and control assignment, and four physics-guided machine learning models—MLP, LSTM, GRU, and XGBoost—are benchmarked to forecast normalized energy ratios from key electrical parameters, enabling rapid and interpretable predictions. The proposed framework provides a scalable, interpretable, and practical tool for monitoring, diagnostics, and smart energy management of industrial motor-driven systems.