Energies, Vol. 19, Pages 154: Energy Management in Multi-Source Electric Vehicles Through Multi-Objective Whale Particle Swarm Optimization Considering Aging Effects

Energies, Vol. 19, Pages 154: Energy Management in Multi-Source Electric Vehicles Through Multi-Objective Whale Particle Swarm Optimization Considering Aging Effects

Energies doi: 10.3390/en19010154

Authors:
Nikolaos Fesakis
Christos Megagiannis
Georgia Eirini Lazaridou
Efstratia Sarafoglou
Aristotelis Tzouvaras
Athanasios Karlis

As the adoption of electric vehicles increases, hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) combining batteries and supercapacitors mitigate the conflict between high energy capacity and power demand, particularly during acceleration and transient loads. However, frequent current fluctuations accelerate battery degradation, reducing long-term performance. This study presents a multi-objective Whale–Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (MOWPSO) for tuning the control parameters of a HESS composed of a lithium-ion battery and a supercapacitor. The proposed full-active configuration with dual bidirectional DC converters enables precise current sharing and independent regulation of energy and power flow. The optimization framework minimizes four objectives: mean battery current amplitude, cumulative aging index, final state-of-charge deviation, and an auxiliary penalty term promoting consistent battery–supercapacitor cooperation. The algorithm operates offline to identify Pareto-optimal controller settings under the Federal Test Procedure 75 cycle, while the selected compromise solution governs real-time current distribution. Robustness is assessed through multi-seed hypervolume analysis, and results demonstrate over 20% reduction in battery aging and approximately 25% increase in effective cycle life compared to battery-only, rule-based and metaheuristic algorithm strategies control. Cross-cycle validation under highway and worldwide driving profiles confirms the controller’s adaptability and stable current-sharing performance without re-tuning.