Energies, Vol. 19, Pages 321: Optimal Reduced Network Based on PSO-OPF-Kron Algorithm for Load Rejection Electromagnetic Transient Studies

Energies, Vol. 19, Pages 321: Optimal Reduced Network Based on PSO-OPF-Kron Algorithm for Load Rejection Electromagnetic Transient Studies

Energies doi: 10.3390/en19020321

Authors:
Kamile Fuchs
Roman Kuiava
Thelma Solange Piazza Fernandes
Wagner Felipe Santana Souza
Mateus Duarte Teixeira
Alexandre Rasi Aoki
Miguel Armindo Saldanha Mikilita
Rafael Martins

Modern power systems have become increasingly complex, making the detailed modeling and analysis of large-scale networks computationally demanding and often impractical. Therefore, network reduction techniques are essential for representing a smaller area of interest while preserving the electrical behavior of the complete system. For electromagnetic transient (EMT) studies, such as load rejection analysis, reduced networks are commonly derived using classical methods like Kron reduction under maximum power transfer conditions. However, this approach can lead to discrepancies in load flow and short-circuit levels between the reduced and complete systems. In addition, Kron reduction may introduce negative resistances in the reduced-order model, compromising system stability by producing non-passive equivalents and potentially causing unrealistic or numerically unstable EMT simulations. To address these limitations, this paper proposes an optimization-based approach, termed PSO-OPF-Kron, which integrates Optimal Power Flow (OPF) with the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to refine the equivalent network parameters. The method optimally determines power injections, bus voltages, transformer tap settings, and impedances to align the reduced model with the full system’s operating point and short-circuit levels. Validation on the IEEE 39-bus system demonstrates that the proposed method significantly improves accuracy and numerical stability, ensuring reliable EMT simulations for load rejection studies.