Energies, Vol. 19, Pages 607: Elemental Content and Distribution in Various Willow Clones and Tissue Types

Energies, Vol. 19, Pages 607: Elemental Content and Distribution in Various Willow Clones and Tissue Types

Energies doi: 10.3390/en19030607

Authors:
Cyriac S. Mvolo
Emmanuel A. Boakye
Richard Krygier

Willows (genus Salix) are versatile plants with applications in construction, medicine, and biomass fuel in North America. Advances in breeding have improved willow clones for higher yields and pest resistance, but the chemical content and distribution across different plant parts remain poorly understood. This study examined the variation in chemical elements (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine, and ash) across six willow clones (India, Jorr, Olof, Otisco, Preble, and Tora) and three tissue types (wood, bark, twigs). We also compared freeze-drying and oven-drying methods to assess their impact on chemical content. Freeze-dried samples generally exhibited higher carbon and hydrogen concentrations than oven-dried samples, with statistically significant differences primarily observed for carbon, while nitrogen showed no overall significant difference between drying methods. Chemical composition varied among clones, although no single clone consistently dominated across all chemical parameters. In contrast, pronounced tissue-type differences were observed: bark had higher nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, chlorine, and ash contents, whereas wood exhibited relatively higher hydrogen concentrations, with twigs showing intermediate values. These findings suggest that accounting for tissue-specific chemical differences can improve the selection and utilization of willow biomass and increase the accuracy of ecological assessments, including carbon storage estimates. The findings of this study indicate that oven-drying should remain in use within the bioenergy sector, whereas freeze-drying ought to become the preferred standard for carbon-accounting protocols.