Energies, Vol. 18, Pages 5583: Analyzing the Influence of Load Current on the Thermal RC Network Response of Melting-Type Fuses Used in Battery Electric Vehicles
Energies doi: 10.3390/en18215583
Authors:
Oliver Makan
Kai-Peter Birke
High-voltage fuses are critical safety components in electric vehicle (EV) battery systems, yet their thermal behavior under charging currents remains insufficiently characterized. This study develops and validates a physics-based thermal resistor-capacitor (RC) network model of a high-voltage melting fuse, accounting for copper elements, quartz sand filling, and polyester casing. Experimental accelerated life tests and current step load profiles were performed in a climate chamber at 70 °C, with temperature measurements at the fuse terminals. The RC model was constructed using material properties and geometry-derived parameters, including three copper element sections, one quartz sand node, and one case node. A discretized state–space formulation was implemented to simulate the transient thermal behavior. The results reveal distinct dynamic and stationary characteristics, with thermal time constants varying strongly between fuse sections. Comparisons with experimental data demonstrate that the proposed model captures both rise time and steady-state behavior, with deviations attributable to contact resistances and parasitic effects. The findings highlight that charging currents in practical profiles typically remain below 50% of fuse current ratings, leaving optimization potential for higher permissible currents, faster charging, and reduced downtime while maintaining safety. The outcome of this model is highly relevant for lifetime prediction models.