arXiv:2511.14913v1 Announce Type: new
Abstract: The burst approximation is a widely-used technique to simplify stochastic gene expression models. However, both analytical results and efficient algorithms are currently unavailable for general models under the burst approximation. In this article, we systematically analyze surrogate models with multiple gene states. Analytical solution to the chemical master equation is provided, which is further exploited from two perspectives. Theoretically, several inequalities are established using functional analysis. We conclude that the steady-state distribution of protein copy number is bounded from above by a constant multiple of some negative binomial distribution if the burst size is geometrically distributed. Computationally, efficient algorithms are developed under three circumstances based on the standard binomial moment method.