arXiv:2601.10985v1 Announce Type: new
Abstract: We develop an energy-space density matrix framework to investigate the interaction of extremely short optical pulses (ESPs) with transparent conducting oxides (TCOs). This approach captures not only electron populations, material polarization, and the permittivity, but also the quantum coherences between states. Compared to traditional momentum-space models, the energy-space formulation offers substantial computational simplification while retaining accuracy. Building on but going beyond the scope of Ref.~cite{single_cycle_nlty_Letter}, we focus on dynamical features previously unexplored. Our formulation reveals clear signatures of quantum coherence in the net absorption dynamics and highlights the emergence of strong excited-state absorption under intense excitation. It also clarifies that spontaneous emission can be neglected in this regime. Furthermore, we investigate the influence of pump pulse intensity on the local field’s duration, spectral broadening and shift, and phase induced by carrier dynamics, highlighting the absorptive nature of the nonlinear response. Our results provide a unified framework for understanding nonlinear light-matter interaction in dispersive, low-density electron systems driven far from equilibrium by intense broadband excitation.