Energies, Vol. 19, Pages 641: User Activity Detection and Identification of Energy Habits in Home Energy-Management Systems Using AI and ML: A Comprehensive Review
Energies doi: 10.3390/en19030641
Authors:
Filip Durlik
Jakub Grela
Dominik Latoń
Andrzej Ożadowicz
Lukasz Wisniewski
The residential energy sector contributes substantially to global energy-related emissions. Effective energy management requires an understanding occupant behavior through activity detection and habit identification. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) enable the automatic detection of user activities and prediction of energy needs based on historical consumption data. Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) facilitates device-level disaggregation without additional sensors, supporting demand forecasting and behavior-aware control in Home Energy Management Systems (HEMSs). This review synthesizes various AI and ML approaches for detecting user activities and energy habits in HEMSs from 2020 to 2025. The analyses revealed that deep learning (DL) models, with their ability to capture complex temporal and nonlinear patterns in multisensor data, achieve superior accuracy in activity detection and load forecasting, with occupancy detection reaching 95–99% accuracy. Hybrid systems combining neural networks and optimization algorithms demonstrate enhanced robustness, but challenges remain in limited cross-building generalization, insufficient interpretability of deep models, and the absence of dataset standardized. Future work should prioritize lightweight, explainable edge-ready models, federated learning, and integration with digital twins and control systems. It should also extend energy optimization toward occupant wellbeing and grid flexibility, using standardized protocols and open datasets for ensuring trustworthy and sustainability.