Ground effect on Undulation and pumping near surfaces

arXiv:2602.16978v1 Announce Type: new
Abstract: Locomotion and fluid pumping near surfaces are ubiquitous in nature, ranging from the slow crawling of snails to the rapid flight of bats. This study categorizes these behaviors based on the Undulation number ($text{Un}$) and Reynolds number ($Re$). We contrast low $Re$ undulatory propulsion ($text{Un} > 1$), exemplified by freshwater snails, with high $Re$ flapping propulsion ($text{Un}