Energies, Vol. 19, Pages 1103: ANFIS-Based Controller and Associated Cybersecurity Issues with Hybrid Energy Storage Used in EV-Connected Microgrid System
Energies doi: 10.3390/en19041103
Authors:
Md Nahin Islam
Mohd. Hasan Ali
The increasing integration of electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy sources has accelerated the adoption of DC microgrids, where maintaining voltage stability and effective power sharing remains a critical challenge. Hybrid energy storage systems (HESS), combining batteries and supercapacitors, are commonly employed to address dynamic power variations. However, conventional proportional–integral (PI)-based control strategies for HESS can exhibit performance limitations under nonlinear and varying operating conditions. To overcome this drawback, this paper presents an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)-based control strategy for HESS located in a DC microgrid, with comparative evaluation against both conventional PI and traditional Fuzzy Logic controller (FLC) schemes. The proposed approach is evaluated using a detailed MATLAB/Simulink R2024a model of a DC microgrid including EVs. Simulation results show that, under normal operating conditions, the ANFIS-based control demonstrates improved transient response, reduced voltage fluctuations, and effective coordination between the battery and supercapacitor during renewable power variations, compared to PI and FLC-controlled systems. In addition to nominal performance assessment, this work investigates the vulnerability of the ANFIS controller to cyber-attacks. Two representative attack scenarios, false data injection (FDI) and denial-of-service (DoS), are applied to critical measurement and control signals of HESS. Simulation results reveal that, although the DC-bus voltage regulation is largely maintained during attack intervals, cyber manipulation significantly disrupts the intended HESS power-sharing behavior.