Energies, Vol. 19, Pages 1208: Interfacial Tension vs. Emulsification: Key Mechanisms in Surfactant Flooding of Low-Permeability Reservoirs
Energies doi: 10.3390/en19051208
Authors:
Xiaoping An
Jirui Zou
Jiaosheng Zhang
Ruiheng Wang
Jie Dong
Xiqun Tan
Yuan Yuan
Xiangan Yue
Surfactants play a crucial role in enhanced oil recovery by reducing interfacial tension (IFT) and promoting emulsification. However, for low-permeability reservoirs after water flooding, it remains unclear which ability is more crucial for improving recovery. To address this question, this study compared the oil displacement effects of three surfactants with different IFTs and emulsifying properties using a series of core displacement experiments. The results show that the strongly emulsifying surfactant S1# achieved an incremental oil displacement efficiency of 9.94%, which is higher than that of the ultra-low-IFT surfactant S3# (8.63%), while the composite surfactant S2# (strong emulsification + ultra-low-IFT) achieved the highest incremental oil displacement efficiency of 11.79%, representing an improvement of 3.16% compared with S3#. The three surfactants have the same effect on improving oil recovery and oil displacement efficiency in heterogeneous rock cores. Strong emulsification promotes abundant in situ emulsions, increases injection pressure (up to 0.85 MPa compared with 0.41 MPa for ultra-low-IFT flooding), and expands the swept volume, indicating that emulsification-driven sweep improvement dominates over capillary-force reduction under the investigated conditions. Furthermore, a composite displacement strategy combining emulsification-driven plugging and ultra-low-IFT oil washing achieved a 12.37% recovery improvement while maintaining relatively low injection pressure (~0.48 MPa). However, the effectiveness of this mechanism is strongly dependent on reservoir heterogeneity. When the permeability contrast increased from 5.4 to 17.3, incremental recovery decreased by up to 7.03%, demonstrating that strong heterogeneity significantly limits the effectiveness of emulsification-driven sweep expansion. This work advances the understanding of surfactant flooding mechanisms and provides guidance for designing and deploying surfactants in water-flooded low-permeability reservoirs.